Different Types Of Fertilizers Research Articles

Interactive effects of environmental factors and fertilization practices on soil nitrate leaching and tea productivity in Tianmu Lake Basin, China

Although the effects of fertilization practices and environmental factors on tea yield and NO3−–N leaching have been acknowledged, the interactive effects of these influencing factors remain unknown. These effects were investigated in this study using the denitrification–decomposition (DNDC) model, which was validated using field data collected from a typical tea garden hillslope in the Tianmu Lake Basin, China. Environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation intensity, slope, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), and fertilization practices (fertilizer amount and type) were combined to construct 1080 scenarios. The results revealed that DNDC achieved acceptable performance in simulating NO3−–N leaching under the application of a compound fertilizer (CF) and a slow-release fertilizer (SF). During the calibration period, the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) values were 0.48 and 0.24. During the validation period, the NSE values were 0.71 and 0.67. Scenario analysis indicated that precipitation intensity (p < 0.001), saturated soil hydraulic conductivity (Ksat) (p < 0.001), fertilizer amount (p < 0.001), and fertilizer type (p < 0.001) significantly influenced the leaching flux of NO3−–N and tea yield. The interactive effects of different factors also varied across the different types of fertilizers. The amount of fertilizer had the most significant impact on NO3−–N leaching, with relative contribution rates of 70% and 53% for compound and SFs, respectively. As CF application increased, there was a significant increase (93%) in the average flux, whereas SF application resulted in an increase of only 76%. The highest contribution rate in terms of tea yield was observed for the amount of fertilizer under CF application at 44%. However, the highest contribution rate under SF application was attributed to Ksat at 51%. The application of SFs resulted in a higher yield improvement rate than that of CFs as the fertilizer amount increased, with respective rates of 15% and 8%. Additionally, environmental factors, excluding temperature, exerted opposite effects on tea production and NO3−–N leaching flux. These findings contribute to optimizing fertilization management in tea plantations by integrating multiple environmental factors to control nonpoint nitrogen loss. Future research should conduct long-term monitoring of tea garden yield and nitrogen loss to accurately assess the impact of SF application on the ecological and economic benefits of tea gardens.

Effects of fertilizer application on the growth of Stranvaesia davidiana D. seedlings.

Wild plants represent a potential source of urban landscape trees. Stranvaesia davidiana Dcne. is a member of the Stranvaesia Lindl. Genus, which belongs to family Rosaceae Juss. It has great ornamental value. It can contribute to urban color foliage and fruit species. However, the most effective fertilizer application strategy required for its cultivation is unknown. Therefore, we conducted an orthogonal experiment to investigate the fertilizer type and level (pure nitrogen) using ten experimental groups, including an untreated control group. Pot experiments were used to determine the growth indices of seedlings, including plant height, basal diameter, and chlorophyll content post-fertilizer treatment. This study explored the most appropriate fertiler application model for the growth of S. davidiana seedlings. The results revealed that enhanced seedling growth depended on the type and amount of fertilizer used, and their interaction. Fertilizer application increased the plant height by 2.67 cm to 12.26 cm, basal diameter by 0.39 cm to 0.75 cm, and chlorophyll content by 5.66 to 19.86. Among the different types of fertilizer, organic fertilizer increased the plant height by 0.42 cm to 9.59 cm and basal diameter by 0.01 cm to 0.05 cm, compared with the control group. Organic fertilizer had the maximum effect on seedling growth, especially at medium levels. The total growth of basal diameter and chlorophyll content was 1.58 ± 0.04 cm and 39.53 ± 2.37, respectively. Basal diameter is the most critical index in seedling reproduction . The study results suggest that the application of 4.06 g of organic fertilizer per plant was the most effective, and served as a basis for further field trials.

THE INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZER TYPE AND Trichoderma harzianum INOCULATION ON THE GROWTH AND PHYSIOLOGY OF YOUNG PLANTS OF Cordia americana

In this study, we sought to determine the influence of combined treatments with different types of fertilizer and inoculation of the fungus Trichoderma harzianum on the growth and physiological characteristics of young plants of Cordia americana. To this end, we adopted a completely randomized experimental design, comprising six replications in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme, to assess the effects of five different types of fertilizer applied with or without T. harzianum inoculation. At 180 days post-planting, we performed measurements of plant height, stem diameter, leaf dry mass, root dry mass, stem dry mass, total dry mass, leaf area, Falker’s chlorophyll index, and chlorophyll fluorescence. It was found that the combined application of T. harzianum and a controlled-release fertilizer or manure-based organominerals was effective in enhancing the growth of C. americana plants under conditions similar to those in the field. The use of controlled-release fertilizer as a base fertilization was found to have a positive influence on all evaluated variables and was effective in maximizing the initial development of C. americana plants. Granulated fertilizers derived from swine manure were established to promote plant growth and photosynthetic efficiency, thereby confirming their efficacy as a fertilizer for the cultivation of C. americana.

Iceberg lettuce cultivated in different systems of planting and sources of fertilizer.

Organic fertilization is a cheaper and highly effective option for profitability and consequent improvement of the soil's physical, chemical, and biological structure. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate different types of fertilization: organic (poultry shed litter), mineral, and leaf path on yield parameters of lettuce grown in various types of planting. The treatments consisted of using two planting systems (P1 - Line and P2 - quincunxes) and mineral and organic fertilizers (A1 - mineral fertilization; A2 - mineral fertilization + leaf fertilization; A3 - organic fertilization with poultry shed litter and A4 - fertilization organic + mineral). The experimental units consisted of 36 and 52 plants, respectively, for treatments P1 and P2, and all central plants of the experimental unit were evaluated. Heart height, fresh mass, and leaf number were observed. The mineral and mineral + leaf treatments did not differentiate, either in line or in quincunxes. The treatment that stood out about the analyzed variables was the organic fertilization and quincunxes planting system, reflecting a more significant number of lettuce plants and better use of the area.

The use of photosynthetic pigments and SPAD can help in the selection of bean genotypes under fertilization organic and mineral

The common bean is cultivated in all regions of the country, representing a product of great economic and social importance. In order to ensure food security in the world, it is necessary to create alternatives to reduce the dependence on fertilizers and seeds, and in this context, organic agriculture is a sustainable alternative to ensure it. Therefore, it becomes necessary to adapt rapid methods to monitor plant nutrition in real-time. The reflectance index determined by SPAD and pigment determination can be a sustainable alternative to identify genotypes in different fertilizations (organic × mineral fertilizer). The research hypothesis is to monitor nutritional management through pigment levels and reflectance index in common bean cultivars and their adaptation into different types of fertilization (organic × mineral fertilizer). Therefore, the objective of the research was to evaluate the common bean genotypes of the type carioca, in different fertilizations (organic × mineral fertilizer), and their effects on photosynthetic pigments, and the relationship between SPAD reflectance index and productivity. The experimental design used was a 2 × 7 factorial in randomized blocks with four replications: The first factor was the fertilization (organic × mineral fertilizer)and the second were the 7 genotypes (UFU-1; UFU-2; UFU-3; UFU-4; UFU-5; UFU-6 UFU-7), with UFU-1 being a hybrid obtained between genotypes UFU-4 and UFU-7; UFU-2 and UFU-3 were commercial genotypes; and UFU-4, UFU-5, UFU-6 and UFU-7 were genotypes from the UFU germplasm bank, located in the city of Monte Carmelo, Brazil. Evaluations were carried out for the agronomic characteristics of the plants, which were: height, number of branches, length and volume of roots, dry matter, leaf area index, number of flowers, number of pods, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, and productivity of the genotypes. The results were compared with chlorophyll content and SPAD reflectance index, and the genotypes showed distinct behavior for each fertilization (organic × mineral fertilizer). The genotypes recommended for the organic fertilizer were UFU-2, UFU-6, and UFU-7, which showed higher productivity. For themineral fertilizer, the best-adapted genotype was UFU-4, with a higher productive yield. In conclusion, we can affirm that the highest chlorophyll and SPAD indices can help select common bean genotypes with higher productivity and adaptation within the organic fertilizer being this the main focus of this research. However, the other variables carried out during this research also demonstrated to have significant effects, so they could be analyzed individually and could offer valuable information in the selection of the best-adapted genotypes.

Yield and energy efficiency in winter wheat agrocenosis under different fertilization systems in the conditions of the northern part of the Forest-Steppe

The influence of different types of fertilizers on the yield and energy efficiency of winter wheat cultivation was evaluated. It was found that the highest productivity was obtained under the organic-mineral fertilizer system, which involves the combined use of 12 t/ha of cattle bedding manure and mineral fertilizers in a dose of N100Р60К100, applied against the background of two-time fertilization with complex chelated fertilizers at a dose of 2 l/ha, where the yield was 5.67 t/ha, and when applying a double mineral dose (N100Р60К100) and a triple dose (N150Р90К150) – 5.76 and 6.00 t/ha respectively, which in terms of yield growth was lower than the NIR05 values. The combined use of litter manure and mineral fertilizers resulted in a synergistic effect, as winter wheat grain yields were 15–20 % lower when mineral and organic fertilizers were applied separately than when they were applied together. Increasing NPK doses by 1.5 times to N150P90K150 compared to N100P60K100 did not compensate for the lack of manure. Under the organic fertilizer system, the grain yield was the highest when OMBF was applied at a dose of 2 t/ha against a background of pea straw 3 t/ha, which amounted to 5.18 t/ha with an increase of 41 %, compared to the control (straw). The highest levels of energy efficiency were determined for the application of organic-mineral fertilizer of the organic brand in doses of 1 and 2 t/ha (5.4 and 5.3) and OMBF brand 4-4-4 in a dose of 1 t/ha (5.2). Under the organic-mineral system of fertilizing application of N50P30K50 and N100P60K100 at the background of 12 t/ha of manure established the index of energy efficiency at the level of 3.4 and 3.7 units, respectively. Application of cattle manure at a dose of 12 t/ha did not provide a significant difference in crop energy, compared to the variant 6 t/ ha – 75755 and 73305 MJ/ha respectively, but due to increased energy inputs in production and application of more manure Kee was 3.9 and 4.6 respectively. Key words: cattle manure, fertilizers, OMBF, yield, mineral fertilizers, by-products, fertilizer system, energy efficiency.

Harmful Impact of Synthetic Fertilizers on Growing Agriculture and Environment

Soil provides essential environmental benefits for life as well as crucial for nutrition and survival of plants. Management of soil health is a critical practice for the preservation of biodiversity and to ensure long-term agricultural production. Scientific management of soil health is an important step for ecosystem sustainability. Some of the important factors like physicochemical and biological parameters that influence soil health. Fertilizers are heavily used in modern farming practices to control unavoidable challenges being faced in Agriculture. Nonetheless, they remain critical tools for global food safety. Sustainable agriculture practices have been used on a global scale by reducing the negative consequences of chemical fertilizers because they drop in soil organic content as well as decline soil quality. They also harden soil, reducing soil fertility, depleting vital soil mineral nutrients, polluting air, water and soil all of which poses serious environmental hazard. Microbial activity in the cropping system has become low due to the application of chemical fertilizers alone. Regular application of chemical fertilizers can alter soil pH, increase resistance in pests, acidification of soil crust resulting in decreased organic matter and stunted plant growth. Hence, Long-term persistence of chemical fertilizers in the soil harms the biodiversity of soil. Present review paper deals with functioning and role of mineral elements in plant growth and development. Various types of organic and synthetic fertilizers are involved in fulfillment of basic needs of plants. Soil with poor nutrient content needs different types of fertilizers for regulation of physiochemical cycle of plants. The literature reviewed information suggested that our agriculture sector has not been dependent on synthetic fertilizers for plant growth and development i.e., directly linked with the crop productivity at industrial level. Chemicals associated synthetic fertilizers have been harmful for plant health and this will lead to drastic health damaging effect on new generations. In this way we again need to focus on development of natural fertilizers with their environmentally friendly inputs and health promoting activity.

Comparison between Simbio, Organic and Chemical Fertilizers on the Yield and quantitate traits of Wheat Triticum aestivum L. on Nutrient Balance

The study involves a field experiment that will be conducted at the Ankawa field Directorate of Agricultural Research - Erbil in the growing season of 2021–2022, 10 km to the north of Erbil City (36.2463 N, 43.9931 E, and 420 m above mean sea level). To investigate the effect of three different types of fertilizers (simbio, organic, and chemical) with three different concentration levels (B0 B1 B2, O0 O1 O2, and C0 C1 C2) with three replications. The field experiment consists of 81 plots (27 * 3) using factorial split plot design. The wheat yield ranged from (3.02-5.56 Mg ha-1) the highest yield was in the plot (B2O2C2) and the lowest was in the plot (B0O0C0), moreover, the weight of 1000 gm ranged from (33.48-39.11), the highest and the lowest was the same as the yield plots. The concentration of NPK in the flag leaf of wheat ranged from (2.91-3.99 mg kg-1), (0.11-0.14 mg kg-1), and (1.62-1.82 mg kg-1) respectively.

Evaluation of the effect of chemical fertilization and some natural extracts on the production of freesia (Freesia refracta L.) plants: a sustainable approach

Effects of different types of fertilizers; traditional NPK (1 g plant−1), 2, 4, 6 and 8 gm L−1 of moringa leaves extract (MLE), 10, 20, 40 and 60 mL L−1 of aloe leaves extract (AL) on vegetative growth, flowering Corms production and chemical constituents of Freesia refracta L. were evaluated during two successive seasons (2020–2021 and 2021–2022). Treating plants with MLE caused increases in plant height, number if leaves and number of flowers by 35.2%, 8.2% and 16.3%, respectively, while treating plants with Al caused increases by 33.2%, 7.9% and 15.4% in the same parameters, respectively, averaged between different concentrations and growth seasons. The results revealed that, treating plants with 8 gm L−1 MLE caused a significant increase in the vegetative growth, flowering, and corms production. These improvement fits with the many goals of the 17 United Nation Sustainable Goals (UNSDGs); especially SDG2 (Zero hunger), SDG13 (climate action) and SDG15 (Life on land). Moreover, the chemical composition of plant was improved significantly.

Dynamics of Nutrient Availability of Inorganic Fertilizers in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) Nursery

Inorganic fertilizers that are applied take a certain time to be available in the soil. The application distance between types of fertilizers is needed with the aim of reducing antagonistic properties, both antagonistic properties between nutrients and between types of fertilizers so as to increase the effectiveness of fertilizer absorption. The purpose of this research study the pattern of nutrient release and the interaction of several chemical fertilizers at the oil palm nursery stage. This research was divided into 2 stages, namely the preliminary stage to determine the optimum dose of each type of fertilizer and the stage of testing the antagonism of 2 different types of fertilizers from 5 types of fertilizers, namely Urea (N), Rock Phosphate (P), MOP (K), Kieserite (K), and HGFB (B). The experimental design used a non-factorial Randomized Block Design, with 45 treatments and 4 replications. The results showed that the optimum doses of the three leaf nutrients were obtained at 40 g/seed for RP, 45 g/seed for K, and 50 g/seed for Borate. The optimum nutrients for N and K fertilizers have not been obtained, so the highest dose from the test level is used, which is 80 g/seed respectively. The results of statistical analysis show the ideal distance of application time between RP and MOP fertilizers, RP with Kieserite, RP with HGFB, MOP with Kieserite.

Research on the effect of different types of fertilization on the maize (Zea mays L.)

Maize is the cereal crop with the greatest productive potential and production in the world. A field research experiment was conducted in the field settings of the Department of "Plant Production" at the Technical University of Varna, to evaluate the effect of foliar fertilizers on the productivity and quality of Dekalb maize hybrids. Four fertilizer variants were examined and the following biometric parameters were assessed: grain yield, weight per 1000 grains, length of cob, number of rows in cob, number of grains in cob, number of grains per row, weight of grain in cob and weight of the cob. A biochemical analysis of the maize grain was performed and the content of protein, starch and fat was determined. It was established that the combined pairing of soil and foliar fertilization leads to increased productivity and enhanced biometric parameters under study, with the highest values ​​being obtained in the variant ammonium nitrate (rate of 12 kg/dа) + 250 ml/dа NPK 2.5 SO3 with composition 3.0 N: 1.5 P: 10 K: 2.5 SO3 + 250 ml/da SO3 10% Zn, 3% N (sulfides with zinc and nitrogen). It was also ascertained, through the use of the same combination, that the maize hybrids under examination contain the highest amount of protein. Provided, from the findings of the experiment, is a conclusive evidence, that the combination of sowing soil fertilization with ammonium nitrate (rate of 12 kg/da) and two foliar fertilizers (rate of 250 ml/da) – NPK 2.5 SO3 + SO3, 10% Zn, 3% N improved the productivity and quality of the investigated Dekalb maize hybrids.

THE EFFECT OF AN INNOVATIVE FERTILIZER OF DIGESTATE AND WOOD ASH MIXTURES ON WINTER GARLIC PRODUCTIVITY

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is a widespread crop in vegetable production. The popularity of garlic is due to its bactericidal and antioxidant properties. Digestate and wood ash are the by-products of cogeneration plants. The digestate is rich in nutrients, can provide a large part of the nutrients needed by the plant during the growing season, as well as improves the soil structure. Wood ash contains small amounts of phosphorus and potassium and is strongly alkaline (pH 8–12) due to the oxides in its composition, mostly calcium carbonate. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of fertilizer rates of the digestate and wood ash mixtures on winter garlic productivity and harvest quality. Field trials with the winter garlic variety 'Lubaša' were established in sod clay, loamy soil. In the garlic plantation, different variants of fertilizer mixtures were used – they contained pig or cattle manure or plant residue digestate, and wood ash. The ratio of digestate and wood ash in the mixtures was 3:1; fertilizer rates for winter garlic were 15 and 30 t ha-1. In the study, the different types of fertilizers showed different effects on the yield and quality of winter garlic. 

Productivity of giant miscanthus plantations depending on the applied elements of cultivation technology in the conditions of the Forest Steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To improve the technology of caring for giant miscanthus plantations, starting from the second year of the crop vegetation, and to establish the peculiarities of the formation of biomass yield with the use of different types of fertilizers. Methods. The research was carried out in the years 2020–2021 in the conditions of the Bila Tserkva Experimental and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences located in the zone of unstable moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The design of the experiment involved the application of mineral fertilisers (ammonium nitrate N24 kg/ha a. i., ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate N24 + S6 kg/ha a. i.) in row in the spring, foliar application of humates (Vermisol, 8.0 l/ha, Humifield VR-18, 0.4 l/ha), and complex fertiliser with amino acids (Quantum Aminomax, 0.5 l/ha). Mineral fertilizers were applied locally in row before the emergence of miscanthus seedlings. Split foliar application of humates and amino acids was carried out in the five-leaf stage and two weeks later. Results. Productivity of miscanthus plants differed significantly over growing seasons, while the main regularities of the influence of the investigated elements of plantation care technology on the productivity formation were maintained. In the second year of vegetation (2020), each plant formed from 18 to 37 shoots and in the third year from 37 to 50 shoots. Four-year-old plants had 28–50 shoots each. The yield of raw biomass at the end of the growing season in 2020 varied from 14.5 to 43.5 t/ha. Compared to 2020, in 2021 the biomass yield increased 1.5–2 times – up to 31.0–74.6 t/ha. According to the experiment, the average yield of biomass for the fourth year of the growing was 17% lower compared to the respective indicators of 2021 and varied according to the experiment treatments from 25.3 to 67.1 t/ha. The yield of dry matter varied from 9.78 to 28.30 t/ha in 2020, from 17.50 to 37.85 t/ha in 2021, and from 12.11 to 32.46 t/ha in 2022. The estimated energy output from miscanthus biomass, depending on the influence of the experimental factors, was 174.8–509.6 GJ/ha in 2020, 315.5–683.2 GJ/ha in 2021, and in 2022 – 219.0–587.3 GJ/ha. Conclusions. The minimum values of all studied productivity indicators of miscanthus were obtained in the control treatment of the experiment. Application of ammonium nitrate (N24) and ammonium nitrate with ammonium sulfate (N24 + S6) in spring contributed to a significant increase in the number of shoots per plant, as well as biomass yield and estimated energy yield per hectare. Similarly, significant increase in all indicators of productivity was ensured by foliar application of humates (Humifield BP-18, 0.4 l/ha and Vermisol, 8,0 l/ha). In general, over the years of research, the maximum indicators of the number of shoots per plant, the yield of biomass and the estimated energy output from biomass were obtained under the combined application of mineral fertilisers [ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate (N24 + S6)] with two-time foliar application of humates (Vermisol, 8.0 l/ha or Humifield VR-18, 0.4 l/ha) and complex fertiliser Quantum Aminomax, 0.5 l/ha.

Energy efficiency and energy saving by Indian fertilizer plants: Role of feedstock and ownership

Fertilizer is one of the energy intensive core industries of India. Among the different types of fertilizers produced in India, nitrogenous fertilizers like urea are most energy consuming. Out of natural gas, naphtha, mixed feedstock, or FO/LSHS used as feedstock for production, natural gas is the cleanest feedstock. This paper calculates energy efficiency scores for 26 urea plants for a sample period of 2007–2018. These are plants that were selected for implementation of PAT-I because their energy consumption was higher than a given threshold. The scores are compared on the basis of feedstock used and the ownership of the plants. Finally, energy saving potential is estimated. Results show that efficiency scores are the highest for private owned natural gas based plants and the lowest for government owned non natural gas based plants. The gap between actual energy consumption and target consumption based on the BCC scores is the highest for government owned plants using FO/LSHS feedstock. Future policies should focus on these plants so that they can get closer to the efficiency frontier.

Water shortage and optimal pattern of field cropping cultivation: Addressing economic and environmental concerns in Qazvin Plain, Iran

Iran is currently suffering from a severe water shortage. Frequent droughts, along with over-abstraction of surface and groundwater, have pushed the country's water situation to crisis levels. To deal with this issue, changing the cultivation pattern has been suggested. The planners stated that other environmental objectives would be achieved by implementing changes to the cultivation pattern along with reducing water consumption. Concerning this issue, the present study aimed to identify the optimal water-saving cultivation pattern in the field cropping's subsector in Qazvin province. This province is particularly important in the production of field cropping, which has caused the groundwater level to drop. Therefore, 246 farmers were selected using a simple two-stage random sampling method, and the information was collected in 2019. According to the experts' ideas, a 15% increase in gross profit, a 10% decrease in agricultural water consumption, job stability, and a 15% decrease in chemical fertilizers and pesticides were considered the optimal goals. The findings showed that through the optimal allocation of the inputs to Low Water-Demand (LWD) and High Water-Demand (HWD) crops, the farmers could not only save water and different types of fertilizers and pesticides but also achieve their objectives in terms of their desired profit. Therefore, designing a system of allocation and distribution, establishing a standardization system, and monitoring and controlling farmers' behavior concerning the use of inputs can achieve the goal concerning farmers' income and goals for protecting water resources and the environment.

Вплив тривалого внесення добрив на агрохімічні показники чорнозему типового та якість зерна пшениці озимої

The aim of the article is to present the results of analytical research on the evaluation of changes in the parameters of the properties of typical chernozem in a stationary field experiment under the influence of 28 years of application of various types and combinations of mineral fertilizers on two agrophones in a crop rotation. The experiment established in 1990 on a typical heavy loam chernozem (Haplic Chernozem) in the experimental farm "Hrakivske” which belongs to the NSC "Institute for Soil Science and Agrochemistry Research" named after O. N. Sokolovsky, in the Chuguyiv district of the Kharkiv region. The aim was to conduct agroecological monitoring in conditions of intensive agriculture to establish the permissible level of load of intensive chemicalization on physical, chemical, and biological soil processes. In the soil samples taken in 2019 from the 0-30 cm layer, the changes that occurred after long-term application of fertilizer in the pH of the soil solution and the content of the following soil components were determined: humus; mineral compounds of nitrogen; nitrate nitrogen; ammonium nitrogen; mobile phosphorus compounds; mobile compounds of potassium. The quality of winter wheat grain determined by the gluten content. Seven variants of the experiment with different fertilizer combinations and the control variant (without fertilizers) placed on two agrophones: natural (only mineral fertilizers applied) and after-effect of manure (mineral fertilizers and manure applied). The results of the research in 2019 compared with the initial state of the soil in 1990 separately at each site, thus revealing changes in the parameters of the agrochemical characteristics of the soil under the influence of different types of fertilizers. Common conclusion. In the Left-bank high Forest-Steppe of Ukraine, the long-term (28 years) application of mineral fertilizers in the natural agrophone has a negative effect on the reaction of the soil solution and the content of total humus, but has a positive effect on the accumulation of mobile compounds of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in the soil. The negative effect of mineral fertilizers on the soil properties manifested to a lesser extent after the application of manure. The application of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in the norms of N60P120 provides a gluten content in winter wheat grains at the level of 25 %, which meets the regulatory requirements of the second class of group A.

Effect of Different Types of Fertilizers on Stevia Rebaudiana Production in Rwanda

Fertilizers are recognized as limiting factors for crop growth in Rwanda. The choice of fertilizers to be used for a certain crop in certain soil is crucial for production. The experiment was conducted in Rubona and Ntendezi stations of Rwanda Agriculture and Animal resources Development Board (RAB) during seasons 2021A and 2021B respectively. The objectives were to develop guidelines for stevia production in Rwanda and increase production through promotion and utilization of good quality fertilizers in stevia production. The treatments included four types of organic manures (cow dung, poultry manure, compost and pig manure), three inorganic fertilizers (NPK, DAP and urea) and control or check (without fertilizer Plant sampling was done once a week to measure plant height, number of tillers, internodes and to measure yield at harvest. . The results revealed a significant interaction between treatments and plant height. Poultry manure played more dominant role in increasing plant height (44.51m), cow dung was the second (43.50m) while control treatment showed minimum contribution in increasing number of stevia height (39.76m). Poultry manure also played dominant role in increasing number of tillers (22.76), urea was the second (21.0) while control treatment showed minimum contribution in increasing number of stevia tillers (16.8). The yield of harvested fresh leaves of stevia that resulted from poultry manure has shown at least height yield in comparison with other treatments. Keywords: Fertilizers, Types of fertilizers, Stevia rebaudiana, production

The effect of nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of fertilizers on yield and energy efficiency of giant miscanthus plantations

Purpose. To improve the technology of caring for giant miscanthus plantations and establish the features of its productivity formation with the use of different types of fertilizers, starting from the second year of crop vegetation.&#x0D; Methods. The research was carried out in the years 2020–2021 in the Bila Tserkva Experimental and Breeding Station of the Institute of Bioenergy Crops and Sugar Beet of the National Academy of Agrarian Sciences of Ukraine, which is located in the zone of unstable moisture of the Right Bank Forest Steppe of Ukraine. The design of the experiment included application of mineral fertilizers [ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate (N24 + S6 kg/ha a.i.), ammonium nitrate (N24 kg/ha a.i.)] in a row zone in spring, foliar application of humates (Vermisol, 8.0 l/ha, Humifield BP-18, 0.4 l/ha) and complex fertilizer with amino acids (Quantum Aminomax, 0.5 l/ha). Mineral fertilizers were applied before the emergence of miscanthus sprouts; foliar application of fertilizers was carried out in the 5-leaf stage and the second time after two weeks.&#x0D; Results. Giant miscanthus plants in second year of vegetation formed from 18 to 37 shoots with an average weight of 76.3 to 111.0 g, with the maximum weight of one plant reaching 4091 g. In the next year of research, the number of stems per plant and their average weight increased by 1.5–2 times, and the maximum weight of one plant was 7016 g. Biomass yield of giant miscanthus in the third year of vegetation was 31.0–74.6 t/ha, the estimated yield of solid biofuel was 19.2–41.6 t/ha and energy 315.5–683.2 GJ/ha.&#x0D; Conclusions. Application of mineral fertilizers (ammonium nitrate + ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate) in spring contributed to significant increase in the indicators of raw biomass yield, solid biofuel output, and energy yield per hectare. Foliar application of Humifield BP-18 has a significant positive effect on the productivity of giant miscanthus. The best indicators of crop productivity were obtained in treatments combining spring fertilization with ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate (N24 + S6) followed by two-time foliar application of humates (Vermisol, 8.0 l/ha, Humifield BP-18, 0.4 l/ha) and complex fertilizer with amino acids Quantum Aminomax, 0.5 l/ha.

The influence of fertilizer types on the growth of garlic in north Toraja

Garlic is one of the typical highland plants that is widely used for medicine and seasoning (food). The white bottom has many benefits and has been developed by cultivation by the community including in North Toraja Regency. The purpose of the study was to analyze the effect of applying fertilizers of different types on garlic plants. The research method used was an experimental method with a Complete Randomized Design Technique, consisting of 4 different types of fertilizers with an observation time of 8 and 15 weeks after planting with 2 repeats so that 16 observational data were obtained. Data analysis was carried out with a parametric statistical analysis approach with the Anova real difference test technique (Analysis of variance). The results of the study obtained that based on the number of leaves obtained a significant difference in the influence of fertilizers. Similarly, at plant height, the same conditions are obtained, namely significant differences in all types of fertilizers. Thus, it is concluded that the influence of fertilizers is very different markedly on the growth of garlic plants, both in terms of the number of leaves and the height of the plant.

Organic fertilizer substitution over six years improves the productivity of garlic, bacterial diversity, and microbial communities network complexity

The replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic fertilizer has been shown to boost soil fertility and crop yield. However, there is limited information on fertilization schemes suitable for sustainable production in rice-broad bean-rice-garlic rotation system. The goal of this research was to explore the transformations in microbial community compositions and networks under different types of fertilization in the garlic season with a reasonable fertilization, leading to determine the best fertilization scheme suitable for long-term deployment of garlic season. A long-term field test (2015–2021) was performed in a rice-broad bean-rice-garlic rotation system using four treatments: CK, without fertilizer; CF, chemical fertilizer only; T40, 40 % of chemical nitrogen replaced by organic fertilizer; T100, 100 % of chemical nitrogen replaced by organic fertilizer. The results showed that long-term use of T40 not only increased the levels of soil nutrients (carbon and nitrogen) and stabilized the pH but also had a positive effect on garlic yield compared with CF. Appling organic fertilizers increased the diversity of bacteria but reduced fungal diversity, which may be related to the rotation pattern. Organic fertilizers (T40, T100) also increased the relative abundance of beneficial microbes, which promoted nutrient cycling and plant growth. However, the application of chemical fertilizers alone (CF) or large amounts of organic fertilizer (T100) for extended times promoted the growth of methanogens, which might lead to increased CH4 emissions. The potentially favorable microbes (Pseudaleuria, Mortierella, and Lophotrichus) were positively associated with garlic yield, shown by Spearman's correlation analysis. Organic fertilizer enhanced the complexity of the soil bacterial and archaeal co-occurrences/interactions and stimulated competitive relationships between bacteria, as shown by network analysis. However, the fungal network showed the opposite trend, which may be related to the fact that organic fertilizers could provide more favorable growth conditions for saprophytic fungi. In summary, organic fertilizer used as a partial replacement for chemical fertilizer increased soil nutrient content and altered both the diversity and functions of soil microbial communities, thereby improving garlic productivity. It could be concluded that 40 % of the total nitrogen from organic fertilizers and the remaining 60 % from chemical fertilizers was a reasonable fertilization scheme for garlic in rice-broad bean-rice-garlic rotation system.